In this exercise, you’ll get a little experience drawing pictures in Python.
Open square.py in the Files tab. Note that there is already some code there. import picture allows us to use commands from picture.py to draw. (Note that you never need to open picture.py, and in fact probably shouldn’t, unless you want to be confused.) We can use functions from picture.py by typing picture., followed by the name of the function we want to call. You can see this done in square.py with the starter code. Notice the comments which describe what each line does.
The pen works in the following way: at all times, it has a position and a direction. The two important commands to know are picture.draw_forward() and picture.rotate(). Calling picture.draw_forward(x) will move the pen’s position x pixels in whatever direction it is facing leaving a line between the start and finish. Calling picture.rotate(t) will rotate the pen t degrees clockwise (e.g., picture.rotate(90) is a right-angle turn).
To show you how the pen works, the starter code has a few lines which will move the pen around, and rotate it. Read through the lines and try to guess what the picture will look like. Then try running the program in the terminal. You should see a new file called square_picture.png show up in your list of files. Click on its name to see the picture and check whether your guess was right.
Make sure you understand what the starter code is doing before moving on! After each step below, it’s a good idea to run the program again and make sure you’re getting the output you expect.
Now our goal will be two-fold: (1) Change the code to draw a square and (2) change the code to draw a square using a for loop.
For Step 1, let’s remove the starter code and replace it with the code to draw a square. You should need to use picture.rotate() three times, and picture.draw_forward() four times. With a partner, write about what the code is doing in your own words in the WARMUP.md file.
Once you’ve finished Step 1, you might notice that some of the code you wrote looks the same as some of the other code. Specifically, each side of the square is drawn using one call to picture.rotate() and one call to picture.draw_forward(). Edit your code to use a for loop to draw the square. Your new code should have one for loop, one call to picture.rotate() and one call to picture.draw_forward(). Describe how you “loopified” your code in WARMUP.md.
Reminder: commit and push your code before you move on!
In Part 2 of this week’s lab, you will be using for loops to print interesting patterns of numbers and “*” signs. This exercise will give you some practice breaking these patterns down.
Here, we’ll consider patterns that look like this:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
With a partner, complete the following tasks and write your answers in the warmup.md file:
patternA.py in the left panel’s “Explorer” section. The program asks the user for a number N. Add code to the for loop which prints the numbers 1 through N, separated by spaces.N times. (You can do this with two nested loops or two loops in sequence. For extra practice, try to figure out how to do it both ways.)Reminder: commit and push your code before you move on!
This exercise is going to give you some practice with debugging, the most sacred of programming activities. Our goal will be to write a program that does the following:
N of minutes.X minutes are left! N-X minutes have passed!” for each value of X from N to 0.For example, with N = 4, the program will print:
4 minutes are left!
0 minutes have passed!
3 minutes are left!
1 minutes have passed!
2 minutes are left!
2 minutes have passed!
1 minutes are left!
3 minutes have passed!
0 minutes are left!
4 minutes have passed!
Note that there are commands to delay execution of code, which could make this printing happen in real time, but we won’t do that here for simplicity’s sake.
With a partner, work through the prompts below. Write your answers in the warmup.md file.
time_remaining and time_passed through the loop. time_remaining will track the number of minutes left, and time_passed will track the minutes that have elapsed. You use either one as the loop variable. Based on this description, write down how you would expect time_remaining and time_passed to change for the N = 4 case above.In the next three parts, you will debug three incorrect implementations of the countdown program.
countdown1.py in the file explorer and run it. The output is incorrect. Notice that the range() function seems to be counting down. Suggest a way of fixing the code without changing the inputs to range(). Try your suggestion to see if it works.countdown2.py and run it. The output is incorrect. Examine the order of execution. In a few sentences, try to explain the problem and suggest a fix to the code. Try your suggestion to see if it works.countdown3.py and run it. Although the program runs, the output is incorrect. What’s wrong in the construction of the for loop? In a few sentences, try to explain the problem and suggest a fix to the code. Try your suggestion to see if it works.Reminder: commit and push your code before you move on!